Segre, M. Hobbes wrote a number of philosophical works, galileo essay the English Civil War with its horrible violence left an indelible impression upon him. Feldhay, Rivka, galileo essay,Galileo and the Church: Political Inquisition or Critical Dialogue? Stinner eds. To some, like Gerald Schroeder, this indicates that existence is about universality - and universality is about a way to describe the existence of everything.
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Galileo Place of Birth and Brief overview of family life and upbringing Galileo Galilei's father was Vincenzo Galilei while his mother was called Guilia Ammannati, galileo essay. Vincenzo was born in in Florence. He was a teacher of music and fine art enthusiast. While he was studying music in Venice, Vincenzo carried out a string of experiments to support his musical theories. Galileo's mother Guilia was a native of Pescia. She married Vincenzo in and moved to the countryside near Pisa. Galileo was the first born in this family.
He spent early part of his life in Pisa. Galileo on the contrary decided to remain in Pisa for two years. At Pisa, he stayed with Muzio Tedaldi who was…, galileo essay. References List Eastridge, L. Galileo Galilei html O'Connor, J. Galileo Galilei. html Pantin, galileo essay, I. New Philosophy and Old Prejudices: Aspects of the Reception of Copernicanism in a Divided Europe. Galileo and Religion From a theological perspective, it matters not at all whether the earth moves around the sun or vice versa, since the ible hardly galileo essay with any of these scientific questions at all. Galileo was correct that the purpose of the ible was to teach certain religious and spiritual truths, not to provide scientific information on chemistry, physics or biology.
Even if its authors had been aware of these subjects, they were basically irrelevant to the stories they intended to tell. In Genesis, for example, the ible asserts that God created the universe out of nothing in the very distant past, but never mentions whether the earth or other planets are moving, galileo essay. Among those few people in the ancient world who gave any thought to these matters, the views of Aristotle and Ptolemy had been officially accepted by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages, and therefore it…. Louis Althusser. Routledge, Fisher, Mary Pat. Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths. London: I. Tauris, galileo essay, Indeed, we can see here his own initial wonderment and the very simple excitement that he felt upon making a series of discoveries that, galileo essay, aside from being exciting, were clearly of exceptional and lasting scientific significance and would certainly galileo essay Galileo a reputation as one of the most important astronomical observers of his time if not in all of history.
However, we can also see how this initial awe quickly turned into logical questioning after Galileo underwent the observation of a great deal of further data culminating in the observed retrograde motion of the galileo essay, which lead him to a state of extreme and earnest puzzlement about the state of the solar system. Indeed, this state of puzzlement was understandably not long-lived, however, and Galileo again quite understandably brought to bear the not inconsiderable powers of his mind to the task of parsing the confusing string of data that his…, galileo essay.
Bibliography Galileo essay, Ron. Retrieved Galileo's Abjuration. Indictment of Retrieved November 26, at. In this way, galileo essay, scientific investigations that attempt to explain such things as the movement of the planets galileo essay the stars are truly a service to religions; they attempt to provide a clearer understanding of God's wonder through his Creation. ith the study of the heavens, in particular, Galileo asserts that he is attempting to learn more about what Bible refers to as the place of man's salvation, and what is assumed in the popular conception of the cosmos to be the place of God's residence at the far reaches of the spheres.
Understanding, according to Galileo, is automatically holy, just as real truth is divine. A Response Letter to the Same Duchess To the Most Exalted Grand Duchess I hope this finds you well and most unmoved on the point of Galileo Galilei's new conception of the motions of the heavenly bodies. Though his supposed observations, if indeed they have…. Galileo essay Cited Drake, Stillman. Galileo at Work: His Scientific Biography. New York: Dover, galileo essay, Galilei, Galileo. The Galileo essay Messenger. Accessed 26 September pdf Galilei, Galileo. There were, on the galileo essay hand, opponents who reason could not reach, and those were the men Galileo believed to be "hostile not so much toward the things in question as toward their discoverer" pg 1, galileo essay.
The motive of these particular men was unclear, other than that their motives were personal and passionate, and "quite different from the sacred intention of the holy Church," pg 3 which is to speak truth for the salvation of souls. For whatever reason, these men who condemned Galileo, condemned his book, and pronounced him a heretic, did so without having read his book or listened to the statements galileo essay arguments he made, galileo essay these same men used to their advantage "passages taken from places in the Bible which they had failed to understand properly" pg 1. Concerned by the threat of opponents such as these, galileo essay, Galileo was hesitant to make his discoveries public, but…. Galileo Product Idea Description Most technical innovations in any field have been combinations or amalgams of galileo essay and hardware applications that were never meant to be used together.
However, they have nevertheless come into existence because someone decided to marry up these unimagined elements in combination with each other. To midwife these projects to full fruition, startup money is needed, galileo essay. As usual, the military is the usual maternity ward for such applications and often requires mission specific applications for certain situations. Telematics is certainly no exception to this and such applications have increasingly found usage in the war on terror to pierce the classical "fog of war. The handmaiden of our ed Force Tracking Telematics application in this proposal will be the Google…, galileo essay. References Campbell, T.
The Warfighter's Perspective on Space Support. High Frontier. Cascio, J. Galileo Masters. Last accessed 26th Cross, galileo essay, J. Blue Force Mobility -- Android and iPhone go to War. Galileo: On easoning "In question of science, the authority of a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a single individual" GALILEO. Galileo was a noted mathematician, astronomer, physicist, and philosopher Drakewho many regard as the galileo essay of modern galileo essay edondi In his lifetime, Galileo was a somewhat controversial figure; falling out of favor with pope Urban VIII and the Jesuits for his work, "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems" Hawking He was one of the first to establish that mathematics and nature were interrelated; ignoring authorities and traditional thought regarding the separation of philosophy and science and religion.
With regard to the aforementioned quote, Galileo reaffirmed his oppositional and frequently controversial positioning with respect to those in authority. He was not a man prone to following conventional tides, untested and unregulated. The implications of his statement indicate that just because an authority determines…, galileo essay. References Drake, S. Galileo at work: His scientific biography. Chicago, IL: Dover, Hawking Stephen. Galileo and the birth of modern science. Redondi, P. Galileo heretic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, However, five months after the book was published, Galileo was ordered to ome to appear before the Inquisition.
In reviewing Galileo's old file, the Inquisition had uncovered the memorandum ofthat ordered Galileo to never teach the Copernican system ever again. This discovery made it appear that Galileo had concealed the information from the Pope, when he obtained permission to write his book, and in the process, his old friend became his foe. and, the Pope ordered him to stand trial. Despite producing an galileo essay from Cardinal Bellarmine, galileo essay, attesting that Galileo had only been admonished, Galileo was sentenced to life in prison and his book, Dialogue, was ordered to be burned. Conclusion: In the end, Galileo forever changed the sciences of astronomy, physics and mathematics.
Galileo essay the attempts galileo essay the Church to silence his revolutionary work, galileo essay, Galileo continued. His work, was evaluated and validated by observers across Europe, in…. References Brauchli, galileo essay, C. com 11 May University of Phoenix, Phoenix, galileo essay, AZ. Drake, S. Grolier Online. Galileo essay, M. Academic Search Premier. December 3, Galileo Galilei was an Italian mathematician, who would apply his mathematics to work in astronomy, physics of kinematics, and strength of material. Today he is known as the founder of modern mechanics and physics. orn in February ofhe spent his childhood in Pisa.
His father was a rather famous musician who encouraged him to become a medical doctor, and supported Galileo's education at the University of Pisa, which began in Galileo found, however, that his talent was in mathematics, not in medicine, and he opted to leave the university, but did pursue a career in math education on his own, studying the work of Euclid and Archimedes, galileo essay.
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Following up his experiments at Pisa with others upon inclined planes, Galileo established the laws of falling bodies as they are still formulated. He likewise demonstrated the laws of projectiles, and largely anticipated the laws of motion as finally established by Newton. In statics, he gave the first direct and satisfactory demonstration of the laws of equilibrium and the principle of virtual velocities. In hydrostatics, he set forth the true principle of flotation. He invented a thermometer, though a defective one, but he did not, as is sometimes claimed for him, invent the microscope. Though, as has been said, it is by his astronomical discoveries that he is most widely remembered, it is not these that constitute his most substantial title to fame.
In this connection, his greatest achievement was undoubtedly his virtual invention of the telescope. Hearing early in that a Dutch optician, named Lippershey, had produced an instrument by which the apparent size of remote objects was magnified, Galileo at once realized the principle by which such a result could alone be attained, and, after a single night devoted to consideration of the laws of refraction, he succeeded in constructing a telescope which magnified three times, its magnifying power being soon increased to thirty-two. This instrument being provided and turned towards the heavens, the discoveries, which have made Galileo famous, were bound at once to follow, though undoubtedly he was quick to grasp their full significance.
The moon was shown not to be, as the old astronomy taught, a smooth and perfect sphere, of different nature to the earth, but to possess hills and valleys and other features resembling those of our own globe. The planet Jupiter was found to have satellites, thus displaying a solar system in miniature, and supporting the doctrine of Copernicus. But with his telescope Galileo found that Venus did actually exhibit the desired phases, and the objection was thus turned into an argument for Copernicanism. Galileo was tried by the Inquisition for his writings discussing the Ptolemaic and Copernican systems. In June , Galileo was condemned to life imprisonment for heresy. His writings about these subjects were banned, and printers were forbidden to publish anything further by him or even to reprint his previous works.
Outside Italy, however, his writings were translated into Latin and were read by scholars throughout Europe. Galileo remained under imprisonment until his death in However he never was a real prisoner for he never spent any time in a prison cell or being treated like a criminal. Instead he spent his time in fancy apartments. hen scientists cannot ask the right questions for fear of political retaliation, an entire body of work, discovery, and change can be lost. Duffy, Michael. The universe viewed through a telescope looked different, and this difference in itself played into the Protestant argument that received truths may be fallible.
In fact, the notion of truth outside empirical evidence became unsteady: For most thinkers in the decades following Galileo's observations with the telescope, the concern was not so much for the need of a new system of physics as it was for a new system of the world. Gone forever was the concept that the earth has a fixed spot in the center of the universe, for it was now conceived to be in motion…gone also was the comforting thought that the earth is unique Cohen 79 However, while the telescope was transforming ideas about the shape of the cosmos and the relationship between science and faith, the microscope essentially remained a toy through much of the early modern era.
If anything, the revelation of the…. Works Cited Cohen, I. The Birth of a New Physics. New York: Norton, Fermi, Laura, and Gilberto Bernarndini. Galileo and the Scientific Revolution. New York: Basic Books, Hooke, Robert. Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar, Konnert, Mark. Early Modern Europe: The Age of Religious Warfare, North York, on: Higher Education University of Toronto Press, Francis Bacon's Advancement Of Learning An Analysis of Bacon's Rationale for riting the Advancement of Learning hen one analyzes Francis Bacon's Advancement of Learning, he does so by first entering into an era that was primarily dedicated to overthrowing the Learning of the past -- that is to say, it was breaking with the old world and advancing the new.
That old world was one of scholasticism, with men like Thomas Aquinas incorporating Aristotelian philosophy into the medieval world and using the pagan to prove the Christian. It was a world where religious truths were accepted on the authority of the Church, and a world where that authority was still in place and still in power. In the 14th century that authority would begin to corrupt with the papacy's abduction and removal to Avignon and the natural catastrophe that was the Black Plague. These events though soon over left their…. Works Cited Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologica. Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Thomas Aquinas. Christian Classics Ethereal Library, Bacon, Francis. The Advancement of Learning. Stephen Jay Gould, ed. NY: Modern. Greeks commonly thought to be the inventors of scientific theory?
Long before atomic bombs were developed within the context of the Second orld ar, the Greek philosopher Aristotle conceived of atoms, or minute particles that made up in their essence every human body and all of creation. ithout the benefit of a microscope to see beyond the experiential surface of the natural world around him, Aristotle used the power of his mind to rigorously deduce the elements of atomic theory, a theory later proven to be correct with the aid of modern technology. The Greek Aristotle also postulated the now accepted theory of physics that all matter is merely converted into a different substance and is never destroyed. Stoll, Thus early on, Greeks such as Aristotle, "without theocratic traditions to hold them back rejected monarchies at an early stage, opting for republican" systems of government, and allowed within….
Works Cited Burke, James. Boston: Back Bay Books, Smith, A. World Book, Inc. Soll, Ivan. Newton explained that apples fell from trees by virtue of the same universal attractive natural force that caused the planets to orbit the skies. In his book, Philosopiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Newton presented complex mathematical formulae that described the observed orbits of the known planets fairly accurately. Newton also provided an explanation for why the attractive force of gravity did not cause the planets to fall in on themselves the way the apple falls to the ground. Since all the planets and stars in the universe exerted mutually attractive force and because there were an infinite number of planets distributed uniformly throughout the universe, there was no "center" of the universe and the planets and stars are all pulled in many directions, all of which, in effect, cancel out their tendency to fall together Hawking, Galileo Galilei: Almost eighty years earlier, in , Galileo Galilei invented the world's….
References: Feynman, R. Six Easy Pieces. New York: Helix. Goldsmith, D. The Ultimate Einstein. Hawking, S. The Universe in a Nutshell. New York: Bantam. The Theory of Everything: The Origin and Fate of the Universe. Beverly Hills, CA: New Millennium Press. Charles Van Doren has concluded that the Copernican Revolution is actually the Galilean Revolution because of the scale of change introduced by Galileo's work. The technological innovation of the Renaissance era started with the invention of the printing press the Renaissance.
Even though the printing press, a mechanical device for printing multiple copies of a text on sheets of paper, was first invented in China, it was reinvented in the West by a German goldsmith and eventual printer, Johann Gutenberg, in the s. Before Gutenberg's invention, each part of metal type for printing presses had to be individually engraved by hand. Gutenberg developed molds that permitted for the mass production of individual pieces of metal type. This permitted a widespread use of movable type, where each character is a separate block, in mirror image, and these blocks are assembled into a frame to form text.
Because of his molds, a…. This allowed the Catholic Church to present the idea that Earth was special because it was God's greatest creation. Thus, the sun, stars, and planets worked for the Earth and not the other way around. The Earth stayed completely still at the center of the universe and was surrounded by less important celestial bodies that did not receive as much of God's grace. Since Aristotelian philosophy fit so nicely within Christian doctrine, it was adopted and held as truth for hundreds of years, until late into the Middle Ages. However, there was a drastic and radical change in the concept of the formation of the Universe at the dawn of the enaissance.
As more and more of the Church's truths were challenged during the Scientific evolution of the 14th and 15th centuries in Europe, it was only a matter of time before Aristotelian philosophy was placed under question. The first…. References Dear, Paul. Revolutionizing the Sciences. Princeton University Press. Oster, Malcom. Science in Europe Palgrave Macmillan. Copernican revolution has a pivotal role in the establishment of the modern sciences. We are very much familiar with the fact that the human mind had always been fascinated greatly by the changes taking place around him almost constantly. Human observation and sense of argument and ability to be logical has made him the most intelligent and consequently most powerful species on the planet.
It is very comfortable to believe that Earth is located at the centre of the universe and other planets rotate around it because Earth itself does not seem or feel to be moving and there are only sun, moon and other planets appearing and disappearing at their exact timings. It is quite logical and unless and until something really revolutionary come forward to refute this believe, it looks quite reasonable to carry on believing the same idea Kuhn, pp Nicholas Copernicus The most significant change…. References Brooke, John Hedley.
Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, pp Cesarani, David. Arthur Koestler: the homeless mind. Free Press, pp Kuhn, Thomas S. The Copernican revolution: planetary astronomy in the development of Western thought. USA: Harvard University Press, pp L'Abate, Luciano. Paradigms in Theory Construction. Springer, pp It is noted that the corporeal world is the context to which this discussion specifically applies, with particles at the subatomic level not abiding the same principles.
That said, a diagram included in the Nave explanation of Newton's laws helps to clarify that which is meant by the above equation. A man is shown swinging a golf club into a golf ball in one image and in the next image, he is shown swinging the club into moving truck. e take as a primary understanding from these images that the mass of the object struck will have a direct bearing on the force required to accelerate it. At an identical force, the man's swing might drive the golf ball several hundred yards while perhaps only denting the moving truck. It was supplemented even further by the Third Law of Motion that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Works Cited: Casco, M. Newton's Laws of Motion. The M. Casco Learning Center. Online at. Motte, A. Axioms or Laws of Motion. Isaac Newton's Principia htm Nave, R. Newton's Laws. This would become the basis of a profound shift in European knowledge: classical mechanics Hooker. Francis acon , added a key element to the genesis of the mechanical universe in his attacks on traditional knowledge. He proposed the Aristotelean model of induction and empiricism as the best model of human knowledge. This model of systematic empirical induction was the piece that completed the puzzle in the European world view and made the scientific revolution possible Hooker. The mechanical universe would emerge from Sir Isaac Newton's work He based his entire view of the universe on the concept of inertia: every object remains at rest until moved by another object; every object in motion stays in motion until redirected or stopped by another object.
He argued that all the planets and other objects in the universe moved according to a physical attraction between them, which is called gravity; this mutual…. Bibliography Hatch, Robert. University of Florida. Hooker, Richard. Washington State University. History Online. In terms of Renaissance philosophy, Galileo Galilei is an example of a humanist who strongly defended the gradual flourishing and subsistence to the scientific revolution happening in his society during the Renaissance period. Galileo was a strong advocate for the usage of science in discovering truth and new knowledge, using the principles of mathematics and philosophy in strengthening the study of astronomy and physics in the society. Through Galileo, the nature of free scientific inquiry prevailed, challenging, though not condemning, philosophical and theological issues that cannot empirically answer truth and reality in life.
Dante Alighieri's "Inferno," meanwhile, is a literary piece that represented his inquiry into the spiritual and humanistic foundations of human existence during his time. In a period wherein theological foundations and philosophies are being questioned, Dante's "Inferno" confronted the moral and spiritual issues being questioned by Dante and his society during this challenging period of Renaissance. Hobbes believes that the cruel nature of human beings causes the state of nature to be a war of all against all. To do this, we will explain the difference between collective and individual rationality and how it applies to human beings in the Hobbesian state of nature.
Also, we will identify the assumptions that cause Hobbes to believe the state of nature is a war of all against all and explain why he needs them. By delving into this assumptions, we can abandon our philosophical heritage from Locke and understand the opposite position of Hobbes. Of the social contract theorists, Thomas Hobbes is the most extreme in terms of his view of human nature. Hobbes wrote a number of philosophical works, but the English Civil War with its horrible violence left an indelible impression upon him. In his magnum opus Leviathan that he published in he presents his…. References Wolff, J. An introduction to political philosophy. New York, NY: Oxord Univ.
eligion or Science? Since the enaissance, there has been a vocal debate between religion and science. Galileo was imprisoned and sanctioned because of his views of the universe, the sun, and the way planets moved. As science progressed, this debate became even more heated. However, in the late 20th century, there has also been a mitigating discussion about the way that religion and science can actual coexist as explanations of the universe. In fact, as physicists look into the wondrous world of smaller and smaller particles, they find that the laws we through governed the universe do not really fit in with the abstract dimensions of time, space, quarks, and the study of the basic attributes of matter and the universe Schroeder, , p.
On some level, the debate between science and religion is based on the notion of reason the scientific method versus faith. eason implies what can…. Russell, C , 'The Conflict of Science and Religion,' in G. Ferngren, ed. The second argument used by my uncle was a kind of blend of fuzzy logic and inductive reasoning. The argument essentially looks like this: there is a water problem; keeping a green lawn is not part of the problem; let's find out where the problem lies. The assumption made here is that the water used to keep lawns green is not part of the water problem. Countering this assumption would require some form of statistical analysis or syllogism.
Since my uncle is arguing from a generalization that he apparently discerned at some point, it becomes necessary to correct that generalization. If my uncle is swayed by facts, facts then are what are necessary. One could look to the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power -- an authority on the subject -- to find out the statistical analyses. By doing so, one could also see the benefit of cutting water…. William of Occam formulated the principle of Occam's Razor, which held that the simplest theory that matched all the known facts was the correct one. At the University of Paris, Jean Buridan questioned the physics of Aristotle and presaged the modern scientific ideas of Isaac Newton and Galileo concerning gravity, inertia and momentum when he wrote after leaving the arm of the thrower, the projectile would be moved by an impetus given to it by the thrower and would continue to be moved as long as the impetus remained stronger than the resistance, and would be of infinite duration were it not diminished and corrupted by a contrary force resisting it or by something inclining it to a contrary motion Glick, Livesay and Wallis Thomas Bradwardine and his colleagues at Oxford University also anticipated Newton and Galileo when they found that a body moving with constant velocity travels distance….
Sensory experiences are nor reliable for making any statements, since people often mistake one thing for another. Descartes talks about mirages. Knowledge based on reasoning is not always trustworthy, because people often make mistakes. adding numbers is a classical example. Finally, knowledge is deemed by Descartes to be illusory, since it may come from dreams or insanity or from demons able to deceive men by making them believe that they are experiencing the real world, when are they are in fact not doing so.
the metaphysical approach in Descartes work is can be easily recognized here. Following this analysis of existent forms of knowledge, Descartes concludes that certainty can be found in his intuition that, even if deceived, if he thinks he must exist: "Cogito ergo sum. one's self, but only the existence…. Dicker G, Descartes: An Analytical and Historical Introduction," Oxford, Flage D. history of human civilization, the Scientific evolution emerged during the 17th century, which happened right after the enaissance Period. The Scientific evolution is the period in history wherein scientific methods and results where arrived at using experimentation and the use of scientific instruments such as the telescope, microscope, and thermometer Microsoft Encarta The Scientific evolution is attributed to Galileo Galilei, who proposed that the universe and its elements can be explained mathematically, while subsisting to the fact the Sun is the center of the solar system.
During the enaissance Period, Nicolaus Copernicus had declared that the Sun is the center of the solar system, but his declaration is only descriptive, while Galileo's declaration is verified through experimentation and the scientific method. This important distinction is the main reason why Galileo's time was considered the Scientific evolution, primarily because it uses the scientific method of research and experimentation. Studies and…. References Baber, Z. University of Saskatchewan Web site. History of Astronomy.
Microsoft Inc. Kaiser, T. Shaffer, B. LewRockwell Web site. Enlightenment on the French evolution evolutionary changes in the leadership of 18th Century France did not occur overnight or with some sudden spark of defiance by citizens. The events and ideals which led to the French evolution were part of a gradual yet dramatic trend toward individualism, freedom, liberty, self-determination and self-reliance which had been evolving over years in Europe, and which would be called The Enlightenment. This paper examines and analyses the dynamics of The Enlightenment - and also, those individuals who contributed to the growth of The Enlightenment and to the ultimate demise of the Monarchy - in terms of what affect it had on the French evolution.
Introduction to the French evolution When the legitimate question is raised as to what role, if any, The Enlightenment played in the French evolution, the best evidence from credible historic sources is that The Enlightenment did indeed play an important…. References Brians, Paul. Chartier, Roger. The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution. Durham: Duke University Press, Fieser, James. Norton I Intro on the Restoration Norton I Introduction on the Restoration and 18th Century The Period of the 18th Century in England was a time of great expansion and change. New likes were established that varied from the traditional arts scene. The country of England became divided politically as new parties emerged to represent its citizens.
The Tories supported the Crown, while the Whigs formed with a more progressive outlook and included nobles and clergymen. The Toleration act provided freedom of worship. Such acts and provisions would eventually become more commonplace as people began to realize differing viewpoints of the world. Theories of old such as those of Aristotle…. Bibliography Norton Anthology of English Literature. Mechanics and Dynamics Life without motion is better explained as death. A living being is said to be having life only when the walls of the heart engage in pumping the blood, when the blood circulates through the entire body, when nerves impulse electrically from brain to toe, lungs move to bring oxygen, food transports through the stomach and intestines, when the iris expands and contract, when the eyeball rotates, etc.
Not only in the living beings, the riddles of the non-living items like recoiling of a fired gun, acceleration of an automobile, action of a spinning top, the motion of a space rocket can also be broken down in terms of the analysis of motion. Dynamics" is a branch of study of motions and "Mechanics" contrary to the general idea of referring to people in uniforms with name over his pocket and having a tool box in his hand,…. In its most basic sense, this treaty abolished the age-old practice of electing a king of the Romans, a reference to the Holy Roman Empire; it gave France the geographical areas of Verdun, Alsace, Metz and a portion of Strasburg; Sweden was given West Pomerania, Stettin, Wismar and Bremen, known as bishoprics but now part of northern Germany; Bavaria retained the Upper Palatinate and all electoral titles, and Saxony retained Lusatia.
Also, Spain was forced to fully recognize the United Provinces as a sovereign nation-state. Overall, the Treaty of Westphalia turned Europe into a conglomerate of separate political and economic nation-states that were only partially dependent on each other; the treaty also made it possible for mercantilism to spread throughout Europe, thus creating the foundation for many more years of conflict and war. In addition, this treaty also brought an end to the Eighty Years War between Spain and the…. Conclusion In principle, it would be entirely possible to replace religious-inspired morality with logically derived concepts of morality in human life.
Generally little else would be required besides suspending religious teachings and substituting the rules of organized religion with very basic ideas such as "do no harm. Instead of teaching that human beings are incapable of ascertaining what is right and what is wrong without divine help and that we are morally tarnished by our involuntary thoughts, we would learn that one ought not to treat other unfairly or cause them harm and that the worse our involuntary desires and thoughts, the more moral credit we deserve for resisting the impulse to act on them. Ultimately, one of…. References Egner, R. And Denonn, L. The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell. London, UK: Routledge. Einstein, A. Ideas and Opinions. Edited by Seelig, C. New York: Crown. A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes.
Europeans invented a more complex sewer system and sewers spread across Europe's most important cities in a short time. Mechanical clocks had been invented before the half of the second millennium, but, in the 16th century, they have been perfected by Galileo with the help of the pendulum. Clocks have become more advanced in time as people discovered ways of making the mechanism more precise and also of smaller proportions. Europeans also became acquainted with the gunpowder in the Renaissance period and warfare had been taken to a whole new level. It is not clear whether Europeans have invented gunpowder alone or if they've been inspired for the concept from the Asians. As a result of this invention, knights had become out-dated as the new armed foot-soldiers became more numerous, replacing them.
The invention of eye-glasses earlier in the millennium led to the invention of the telescope somewhere between the…. Works cited: 1. Wolf, F. Agnes Heller, R. Allen, "Renaissance man," Routledge, Kendall Haven, " Greatest Science Inventions of All Time," Libraries Unlimited, Moreover, his theories regarding the gravitation were supposed not to have been made possible without the attempts of his predecessors, as Galileo, to understand the world. Thus, Newton's luck may be put on the fact that he has lived in a period of discoveries, and, as he himself stated, he had seen further than other men, it is because he stood on the shoulders of giants.
All in all, Newton has been considered for almost years to be the founding father of modern physical science, his discoveries being unprecedented, just as those in mathematical research. eing a polyvalent personality, he also studied chemistry, history and theology; his main method in all domains being the investigation of all forms and dimensions. ibliography Cohen, I. ernard, The Newtonian Revolution, Cambridge, , pages; Koyre, Alexandre, Newtonian Studies, Harvard U. Press, , pages; Westfall, Richard S. Bibliography Cohen, I. During his time there, he constructed a clumsy thermometer which would have work if he had taken into consideration atmospheric pressure but it still has a significance in history as being one of the first measuring instruments in science.
He taught he for 18 years and during that time, became convinced that there was truth in the theory of Nicolaus Copernicus a Polish astronomer who believed that all planets including earth revolved around the sun. Galileo began his early education at the Pisan School of Jacopo Borghini, where he showed an interest in mechanics. In , he and his family moved to the town of Florence where he attended monastery school. Galileo was later withdrawn from monastery school by his father in , presumably because of too much religious influence. In , he enrolled as a student in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Pisa. His father had hoped that he would study medicine, however, Galileo's interest became focused on natural philosophy. The Scientific Revolution was where Galileo made his greatest impact.
This was a revolution that brought significant changes in the way people thought and believed and roughly lasted from to Most historians agree that it started with Nicholas Copernicus who theorized that the sun was in the center of the universe. This theory was called Heliocentrism and was founded by Copernicus just before he died in Historians also believe that the scientific revolution ended with Isaac Newtons universal laws and Mechanical Universe. Galileo is said to have wanted to become a painter and a monk at one time but was dissuaded by his father who thought he should obtain a medical degree. Galileo studied for his medical degree at the University of Padua but decided to pursue mathematics instead.
He was later appointed in to the chair of mathematics in Pisa. He also became a mathematician at the University of Padua in Before reaching the age of twenty, Galileo made a great observation of mechanics. He observed a swinging lamp in the cathedral of Pisa which led to his theory of the pendulum and fifty years later led to the construction of an astronomical clock. In , he was given the title of the Archimedes of his time. He also received a position of lecture-ship at the University of Pisa. Following his father's wish, he continued his education, at the age of 17 he enrolled as a student of medicine at the University of Pisa in He showed little interest in medicine, it was at this time when mathematics captured his attention. It was around one year after enrolling at the University of Pisa, he made the legendary discovery of the movement of pendulums see appendix A , he proved his theory by conducting several experiments.
It was about this time he began to question the respected teachings of Aristotle, particularly his theory on falling objects. He continued an independent study on science and mathematics, he finally convinced his father to allow him to abandon the study of medicine. Home Page Galileo. Galileo Better Essays. Open Document. Essay Sample Check Writing Quality. However, Galileo did not even invent the telescope; he only made improvements to it so it could be used for astronomy. Galileo did use it to make many important discoveries about astronomy, though; many of these discoveries helped to prove that the sun was the center of the galaxy.
Galileo also made many important contributions to Physics; he discovered that the path of a projectile was a parabola, that objects do not fall with speeds proportional to their weight, and much more. For these discoveries, Galileo is often referred to as the founder of modern experimental science. Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, Until he was about 10 years old, Galileo lived in Pisa; in the family moved to Florence where Galileo started his education at Vallombroso, a nearby monastery. In , Galileo went to the University of Pisa to study medicine, the field his father wanted him to peruse. While at the University of Pisa, Galileo discovered his interest in Physics and Mathematics; he switched his major from medicine to mathematics.
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